Powers and laws in the age of globalization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2015.1/2(25/26).119229Ключові слова:
globalization, soft power, semisoft power, international laws, global laws, states, non-states entitiesАнотація
In the age of globalization the contradictory tendencies are present: (1) Power is becoming of largely independent of the power structures in individual states, yet it exerts an influence on states. Non-states entities are gaining more and more power and influence; (2) There is the increase of the role and importance of soft power and semi-hard power; (3) global laws arise in the process of autonomization of laws in relation to state. They are created largely independently of the will of states and imposed on states; (4) More and more non-state bodies are entitled to create the laws; (5)The contemporary world witnesses a growing status of the soft and semi-hard laws. They regulate the relations between states and institutions; (6) The large states ( superpowers) striving for hegemony in the world do not comply with international and global laws and they do it often with impunity; (7) Some small states and fundamentalist or nationalist movements engage in brutal wars and acts of crime, contrary to international and global laws; (8) The global laws due to their generality and vagueness are variously interpreted and often are used to justify the action of violence; (9) There is the need to make efforts to ensure the more precise elaboration of global laws and more rapid increase of the role of soft power in national and global spheres.Посилання
M. Koskenniemi, What is International Law for?, in: M.D. Evans (ed.), International Law, Oxford 2006, Oxford UP, s. 57-60
H. Thirlway, The Sources of International Law, in: M.D. Evans, International Law, op.cit., pp. 115-140.
M. Koskenniemi, Carl Schmitt, Hans Morgenthau, and the Image of Law in International Relations, in: M. Byers, The Role of Law in International Politics, Oxford 2001, Oxford UP, pp. 17-34.
Ernest-Otto Czempiel, Janus N. Rosenau (eds.), Governance without Government. Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge 1992 Cambridge UP.
P. Bender, Ameryka-nowy Rzym. Historia równoległa dwóch imperiów. [America- New Rome.History of two Empires], Warszawa 2004, Sic; M. Hardt, A. Negri, Empire, Cambridge, London 2001, Harvard UP.
R.O. Keohane, After Hegemony, Princeton 1984, Princeton UP; R.O. Keohane (ed.), Neo-realism and Its
Critics, New York 1986, Columbia UP; S. Burchill, R. Devetak, A. Linklater, M. Paterson, Ch. Reus-Smith,
Teorie stosunków miêdzynarodowych, [ Theory of International Relations], Warszawa 2006 PWN.
Z. Brzezinski, Druga szansa,[ The Second Chance] Warszawa 2007, Swiat Ksiazki, p. 24.
T. Buksinski, Monocetrism and Multicentrism as Legal Theories in the Global Era, „Archiwum Filozofii Prawa
i Filozofii Społecznej‖, 2015 Nr1, pp.5-13
T. Łoś-Nowak (ed.) Organizacje w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Istota- mechanizmy działania-zasięg, [
Organizations in the International Relations. Essense- Mechanisms of Functioning- Domain],Wrocław 1999,
Wyd. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego; E. Latoszek, M. Proczek, Organizacje międzynarodowe we współczesnym
świecie, [International Organizations in the Contemporary World]. Warszawa 2006, Elipsa.
A. Antoniades, Epistemic Communities, Epistems and the Construction of (World) Politics, Global Society,
vol. 17, no. 1, 2003; B. Stern, How to Regulate Globalization? in: M. Byers, The Role of Law in International
Politics, Oxford 2001, Oxford UP, pp. 247-268.
J. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York 2004, Public Affairs; W. Havel, Siła
bezsilnych, [ The Power of the Powerless], Berlin 1987, Veto Verlag.
A. Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle Against Apartheid, Ithaca 1995, p. 19; M.
Finnemore, National Interests in International Society, New York 1996.
M. Boas, D. McNeill (ed.), Global Institutions and Development, London, New York 2004, Routledge; M.
Barnett, M. Finnemore, Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics, Ithaca 2004, Cornell
UP.
J. Nye, Soft Power, op. cit., p. 36; R. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power; Essays in
International Relations Theory, Boulder 1989, Westview.
For a broader discussion, see T. Buksiński, Współczesne filozofie polityki [ Contempoprary Philosophies of
Politics), part two, Poznan 2004, WNIFUAM; Also see T. Buksiński, Moderność [ Modernity], Poznań 2001,
WNIF UAM.
Ph. Allott, The Concept of International Law, in: M. Byers (ed.), The Role of Law in International Politics,
Oxford 2001, Oxford UP, pp. 69-90; R. McCorquodale, The Individual and the International Legal System, in:
M. D. Evans, International Law, op.cit., pp. 307-333.
T. Buksinski, Prawo a władza polityczna [Law and Political Power], Poznan 2009, WNIFUAM, pp. 257-307
A. Boyle, Soft Law in International Law-Making, in: M.D. Evans, International Law, op. cit., pp. 141-158.
D. Shelton (ed.), Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal
System, Oxford 2000, Oxford UP. Ibidem
M. Boas, D. Mc Neill (eds), Global Institutions and Development, London, New York 2004, Routledge.
A. Tynel, Międzynarodowy arbitraż handlowy w krajach Europy Środkowej [ International Trade Arbitration
Countries of Central Europe], Warszawa 1999, Difin.
M. Byers, Custom, Power and the Power of Rules, Cambridge 1999, Cambridge UP; F. Francioni, (ed.),
Environment, Human Rights and International Trade, Oxford 2001, Oxford UP.
W. Talbott, Which Rights Should Be Universal?, Oxford 2005, Oxford UP; T. Dunne, N. J. Wheeler (ed.),
Human Rights in Global Politics, Oxford 2001, Oxford UP; J. Donnelly Universal Human Rights in Theory and
Practice, Ithaca, New York, London 2003 Cornell UP; O. O‘Neill, The Dark Side of Human Rights, in: T.
Christiano, J. Christman (eds), Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy, Oxford 2009, Wiley-Blackwell,
pp.425-436.
Compare W. Schulz, Komunikacja polityczna. Koncepcje teoretyczne i wyniki badań empirycznych na
temat mediów masowych w polityce, [Political Communication. Theoreticаl Concepts and Results of Empirical
Reasearch Concerning the Massmedia in Politics], Cracow 2006, Wyd. UJ.
U. Beck, Władza i przeciwwładza w epoce globalizacji. Nowa ekonomia polityki światowej, [ Power and
Contrpower in the Global Era. The New Economy of World Politics], Warsaw 2005, Scholar, p. 92 and 113.
R. W. Cox, The Political Economy of a Plural World. Critical Reflections on Power, Moral and Civilization,
London 2002; A. Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy and Self-determination: Moral Foundations for International
Law, Oxford 2004, Oxford UP; Ch. Reus-Smit, American Power and World Order, New York 2004, Polity
Press.
